The standard components of a lipid panel include:

Component

What It Measures

Total Cholesterol

The total amount of cholesterol in your blood

LDL Cholesterol ("bad")

Cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in arteries

HDL Cholesterol ("good")

Cholesterol that helps remove LDL from the bloodstream

Triglycerides

A type of fat that stores excess energy; elevated levels increase cardiovascular risk

Interpreting Your Results and Evidence-Based Recommendations

LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein)

Target: Less than 100 mg/dL (optimal). High LDL levels are linked to plaque buildup in arteries and increased risk of heart disease.

Evidence-Based Recommendations:

• Reduce intake of saturated fats and eliminate trans fats.
• Eat more soluble fiber (e.g., oats, legumes, fruits).
• Incorporate plant-based sterols/stanols.
• Engage in regular aerobic physical activity (at least 150 minutes per week).

HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein)

Target: Greater than 60 mg/dL (protective). Low HDL is associated with higher cardiovascular risk.

Evidence-Based Recommendations:

• Engage in regular exercise, particularly cardio.
• Stop smoking.
• Consume healthy fats such as omega-3 fatty acids and olive oil.
• Limit refined carbohydrates and sugar intake.

Triglycerides

Target: Less than 150 mg/dL. Elevated triglycerides can increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.

Evidence-Based Recommendations:

• Limit added sugars and refined carbohydrates.
• Avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
• Lose excess weight through a balanced diet and activity.
• Increase intake of omega-3 fatty acids (fish or supplements).

Total Cholesterol

Target: Less than 200 mg/dL. While total cholesterol provides an overview, it should be evaluated in the context of LDL and HDL levels.

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Understanding Statin Medications

Statins are a class of medications commonly prescribed to lower LDL cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular risk. They work by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in cholesterol production in the liver.

When might a doctor recommend statins?

• LDL cholesterol consistently over 190 mg/dL.
• Existing cardiovascular disease (e.g., history of heart attack or stroke).
• Type 2 diabetes in individuals aged 40–75 with LDL above 70 mg/dL.
• A calculated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease above 7.5%.

Benefits of Statins:

• Lower LDL cholesterol by 20–60%.
• Reduce risk of heart attack, stroke, and death in high-risk individuals.
• Help stabilize plaque in arteries, reducing rupture risk.

Potential Side Effects and Risks:

• Muscle pain or weakness (most common).
• Elevated liver enzymes (usually monitored with routine labs).
• Slightly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in some people.
• Rare cognitive complaints (e.g., memory fog), typically reversible.

Most people tolerate statins well, and their benefits in reducing heart attack and stroke often far outweigh the risks—especially in high-risk populations. Medication decisions should always be made with your healthcare provider.

Conclusion

Your lipid panel is a powerful tool to assess heart health. By understanding your numbers and making science-based lifestyle changes, you can take control of your cardiovascular risk. In some cases, medication may be needed to reach optimal levels. Galvan encourages you to track your progress, build healthy habits, and consult with healthcare professionals to create a personalized plan for a healthier future.

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